During the colonial time, the political conflicts and spatial disparity were considered as the main cause of the discontinuity of collective memories in Vietnamese society. In North and South Vietnam, the perception of citizens was systematically manipulated by the political discourse so that the image of each side was deliberately demonized under the eyes of their counterparts. This paraconsciousness, the misconception due to social conflicts (Sabelli 1998) consequently broke down the social cohesion insofar as the social ideologies were changed to the core…
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